The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. Chron Respir Dis. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. It has been utilized both in clinical and research purposes with high reliability and validity as it is evidenced . More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. 808 certified writers online. In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 43(4), 413-431. Interpretation. (2018, February 3). Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. They found good internal consistency and factoral validity, with factor analysis identifying a general dimension of depression and two related factors, cognitive-affective and somatic-motivational, similar to the factor structure reported in the BDI-II manual. Psychometric properties of the Spanish Beck Depression Inventory-II in a medical sample. 2017;14(1):30-36. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.1.30, Phan T, Carter O, Adams C, et al. The comparison continues in a sequential increasing order (from i-1 and proceeding in order) until the first nonrejection. for only $16.05 $11/page. The purpose of the present study . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(10), 1225-1233. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. Five hundred outpatients from various clinics and hospitals located in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky were included. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). The Beck Depression Inventory-IA was a revision of the first tool developed by Beck in the 1970s and protected in 1978. It was also found that the therapy was more successful than drug therapy and had a lower relapse rate, supporting the proposition that depression has a cognitive basis. The authors claimed that only two of the first-order factors, Cognitive and Somatic-Affective, were generalizable. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 67-74. The protocol registration number in CONABIOS was 0282014.". Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. Hopefully, this study will help to change this situation. Introduction. (1998). Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. From a practical standpoint, the lack of assessment tools for depression may not make available protocols for early identification of depression symptoms at primary care units. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. The BDI-II is widely used as an indicator . Roles To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. The majority of psychometric studies conducted with adolescents in the United States have involved predominantly Caucasian samples and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) is a popular measure intended to assess the existence and severity of symptoms of depression in consistent with in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. How do they differ and what does this mean for depression research? This population consisted of 67 females and 53 males with a mean age of 19.58 (SD=1.84) and was predominately Caucasian. Therefore, a pilot study was first conducted to ensure that participants correctly understood the content of BDI-II items. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. 2. This disorder is characterized by changes in sleep, appetite and psychomotricity, decreased concentration and decision-making ability, loss of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority or worthlessness and guilt, as well as despair and recurrent thoughts of death with ideation, planning and/or suicidal acts. The results of the tool are determined by the sum of the ratings, creating a score that ranges anywhere from 0 to 63. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report measure designed to measure severity of depression consistent with symptoms of depression as presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association 1994) in both adolescents aged 13 years and older and adults (Beck et al. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. Some people may underestimate their level of distress, while others may exaggerate their symptoms. This finding differs from common findings indicating that the affective factor should be subsumed by the cognitive [17,18,58] or the somatic factor [5,10,59,60]. The internal consistency of the BDI-II was 0.9, which means that the items on the questionnaire relate to each other and measure the same construct. Smarr KL, Keefer AL. 2016;28(11):1354-1367. doi:10.1037/pas0000275, Dere J, Watters CA, Yu SC, Bagby RM, Ryder AG, Harkness KL. 2013;35(4):416-431. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1048, Lee EH, Lee SJ, Hwang ST, Hong SH, Kim JH. All participants agreed to participate voluntarily and provided written consent prior to complete the inventory and after information about purposes of the study were provided. This is in line with different studies that supported a bifactor latent structure to the BDI-II [13,36,37,38]. Benefits of the Beck Depression Inventory IV. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). On the other hand, values lower than .06 for the RMSEA are considered optimal and lower than .08 are considered acceptable. Psychol Assess. This can involve medical examinations and laboratory tests, as well as psychological assessments like the Beck Depression Inventory and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Shankman et al., 2018). Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. The Beck Anxiety Inventory or (BAI), is a self-report test that contains 21 multiple-choice questions (Likert scale from 0 to 3 in terms of how severe you perceive the symptom) and it is used to measure anxiety symptoms (severity and level) that an . Arch Gen Psychiatry. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. Fifteen people were asked to complete the scale and write down items that were unclear or incomprehensible, as well as any other aspect of the scale that may deem relevant. 2015;27(1):68-81. doi:10.1037/pas0000026, Wang YP, Gorenstein C. Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II: a comprehensive review. The Spanish adaption of Becks Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in the general population/Adapatacin espaola del Inventario para la Depresin de Beck-II (BDI-II): Propriedades psicomtricas en poblacin general. Encephale, 20, 311-317. Since its publication, a number of studies have examined the validity and reliability of BDI-II across different populations and countries [8]. Yes . If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. Next, internal structure of the BDI-II was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS v20 [46]. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. The Beck Depression Inventory is scored on which scale of measurement? The BDI has also been found to be sensitive to intervention effects in and randomized trials with individuals with diagnosed PTSD (e.g., Bryant, Moulds, Guthrie, & Nixon, 2005; Ehlers et al., 2005; Kubany et al., 2004). Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) I am blue or sad all the time and I cant snap out of it and (2b) I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful. Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. The other pro is that it also consists of high content validity. For example, to measure pessimism (item 2) the response options used range from I am not particularly discouraged about the future (score of 0) to the future is hopeless and things cannot improve (score of 3). The scores used to measure the symptoms on a Beck Anxiety Inventory may range from 0 to 63: minimal anxiety levels (0-7), mild anxiety (8-15), moderate anxiety (16-25), and severe anxiety (26-63). Practical implications are discussed and suggestions for further research are also made. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. Learn More. The BDI-II discriminates depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sprinkle et al., 1992). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. This is a copyrighted measure. Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. The NCTSN is funded by the Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and jointly coordinated by UCLA and Duke University. Publication Date: 1988, 1993 Beck Depression Inventory-II. Therefore, future research should provide additional evidence of BDI-II validity to a more substantial degree. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-1A, BDI-II), created by Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression.Its development marked a shift among mental health professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the . Beck Depression Inventory is an efficient and reliable psychological test for measuring the presence and severity of depression in patients. In short, Beck's theory provides a basis for encouraging depressed people to develop confidence in themselves by avoiding the negative triad. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. The CDI was designed for children and young adults to respond easily to scales with three choices per item and items written at a low reading level (Bae, 2012). Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. The BDI has been widely used in research studies and clinical practice. In contrast, findings concerning BDI-II factor structure have been somewhat inconsistent. The BDI is not a diagnostic test, but it can help health care providers make a diagnosis. Steer, R.A., Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., & Ranieri, W.F. Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations Penley, J.A., Wiebe, J.S., & Nwosu, A. Validity and Reliability. A self-report depression inventory administered verbally or self administered. Leigh, I.W., & Anthony-Tolbert, S. (2001). Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder. For example, Byrne et al. The Beck Depression Inventory Abimbola Farinde 1* 1. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. Treatment also involves helping clients evaluate negative beliefs about themselves, the world, and the future that lead to them feel depressed. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Consistent with previous research conducted by Beck, they identified 2 first-order factors (somatic and cognitive) and one second-order factor (depression). Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). (2004). Simith, S.D., Schwartz, R.C., George, R.G., & Panke, D. (2004). We will write a custom Assessment on Beck Depression Inventory, Its History and Benefits specifically for you. Ratings are summed to provide a total score ranging from 0 - 63. Its construct validity has also been tested successfully by comparing scores with other measures for depression. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Below is a sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education (CE) credits and e-learning resources. The additive benefit of hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating acute stress disorder. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . The scale can be divided into 2 subscales . Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. Since the test construction in 1961, the test has been employed in numerous (more than 2,000) empirical studies. This tool, the Beck Depression Inventory, is one of the top tools used to assess a person's mental health and determine whether they are experiencing depression. Subsequent reliability analysis of the BDI-II total score and subscale scores showed acceptable to high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .89. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-580. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. Sprinkle et al. Raw scores of 0 to 13 indicates minimal depression, 14 to 19 indicates mild depression, 20 to 28 indicates moderate depression, and 29 to 63 indicates severe depression. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The original BDI consisted of 21 items, each of which corresponded to a symptom of depression. Notwithstanding the implications aforementioned, the current study has a number of limitations that should be mentioned. First, to determine the most appropriate BDI-II factor structure by examining several competing factor models that have been reported in previous studies. One thousand and forty individuals (54.9% women and 45.1% men) from Dominican Republic participated in the study. Beck and colleagues developed the original scale in 1961 for use with adolescents and adults (Dozois, Dobson, & Anhberg, 1998). www.ub.uib.no/elpub/2001/h/308003/Hovedoppgave.pdf. They also found similar factor structures for both groups, providing evidence of factoral validity. Several versions of the BDI tool exist. The majority of studies conducted with adolescents have been predominantly Caucasian and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. One study involving a confirmatory factor analysis of the CES-D and the original BDI, failed to validate a single-factor model (Skorikov & Vandervoort, 2003). It takes approximately 10 minutes to complete, although clients require a fifth-sixth-grade reading level to adequately understand the questions. Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Small Ways to Feel Better When You're Depressed, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Beck Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Neurovegetative symptom subtypes in young people with major depressive disorder and their structural brain correlates, Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation, A comparison of self-report and clinical diagnostic interviews for depression: diagnostic interview schedule and schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry in the Baltimore epidemiologic catchment area follow-up, Predicting self-reported depression after the onset of multiple sclerosis using genetic and non-genetic factors, Measuring depression over time . Beck Depression Inventory 2nd edition (BDI-II) is one of the most commonly used instruments in research and practice to measure the presence and severity of Depression stands out not only for its high prevalence, but also due to the probability of associated relapse and recurrence. Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. In conclusion, for both statistical and clinical reasons it seems more appropriate to use BDI-II total and factor scores. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. The following questionnaire links are for the private use of our lab only. Results showed that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective, and somatic factors provided the best fit to data. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. Confirmatory factor analyses with adolescent psychiatric inpatients (Osman et al., 2004) identified a 2-factor solution as the most parsimonious and interpretable. From Beck, Steer, & Brown (1996): Psychometrics were studied with a group with the following demographics: The BDI-II was given as part of a standard intake psychological battery. Analyses with adult inpatients have identified a single hierarchical depression factor (Cole, Grossman, Prillman, & Hunsaker, 2003). prezi.com. Can be administered with the BDI-II and the BHS for a more complete evaluation. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center. STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. The BDI has been used in numerous studies with trauma-exposed individuals. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. There was neither difficulty in understanding nor negative commentaries about the scale content. Affiliation Thirteen adolescents aged 13-17 rated the degree to which items were understandable, easy to read, and would correspond to what they would say to a mental health professional about how they feel. Completion Time:: 5 to 10 minutes; self-administered or verbally by a trained administrator. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. 2020 Sep 23;63(1):e91. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. According to this index, those models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit. Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Yes Developing a culturally appropriate depression prevention program: The Family Coping Skills Program. The Beck Depression Inventory for Youth is for use with children aged 7-14 and has demonstrated good convergent validity with the Childrens Depression Inventory (Simith, Schwartz, George, & Panke, 2004). 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