Um, is there any message from Friar Laurence? Juliet insists that day has not yet broken, and Romeo should stay a while longer, but he insists that "night's candles are burnt out," and it is time for him to make haste unless he . The Montague/Capulet feud will forever go down in literary history as an ingenious vehicle to embody fate and fortune. The Apothecary finally relents and sells Romeo the poison. When Tybalt sees Romeo at the Capulet ball, he swears revenge (1.5.). Who seems less impulsive and more realisticRomeo or Juliet? Romeo, encouraged by Benvolio, soon forgets about his old flame Rosaline when he first lays eyes on Juliet. That sound you just heard was the anvil of foreshadowing. Shall bitterly begin his fearful date
Thispremonition functions as a clear act of rebellion against the Capulets. From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. At the same time, Juliet's foreshadowingemphasizes an important aspect of her personality. While the other examples of foreshadowing in the play are more subtle and only talk about a great tragedy or dire consequences, this portentous dream is more specific. Juliet's plea is also a thinly veiled threat:she will killherself if she is forced to marry Paris, ending up in the same tomb as Tybalt. Which, as they kiss, consume. He scrape a trencher? Romeo and Juliet act in 5 scene 3 Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare around 1594. Both Romeo and Juliet have separate moments of prescience early on in the playbefore events begin to spin wildly out of controlin which they foresee trouble in theirfutures. ( At the end of the play) Romeo drinks the poison so he and his love can die together as we all know Juliet was never dead. You can view our. Tybalt is largely responsible for it. Juliets parents and Paris join the Nurse in lamentation. Now, in this scene, we see Romeo as the agent of his own fate. Romeo then avenges Mercutios death by killing Tybalt in a duel. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. Balthasar says that Romeo seems so distraught that he is afraid to leave him, but Romeo insists. Find teaching resources and opportunities. Romeo, watching the dance, is caught by the beauty of Juliet. Shakespeare uses this scene to explain that this love that Romeo has is dangerous and could get him killed. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Romeo and his companions almost immediately encounter Juliets cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo. Frightened by a noise, the Friar flees the tomb. Ere one can say It lightens.
with line numbers, TEISimple XML (annotated with MorphAdorner for part-of-speech analysis), as TEISimple XML (annotated with MorphAdorner for part-of-speech analysis). In the character of the Apothecary, once again, Shakespeare provides a secondary example of the paradoxical and pressing social forces at work in the play. Not until they are separated do they discover that they belong to enemy houses. This shows if people are fight on a street in Verona, they will lost peace and enemy will be massacre with other families because it will start a family struggle, Shakespeare foreshadow this at the beginning of the play. Capulet, hearing Paris approach with musicians, orders the Nurse to wake Juliet. Nonetheless, she is determinedto pursue her own desires, even if that means dying for love. She hath Dians wit. In Act 3, Scene 5, Juliet sees Romeo forthe last time before his exile to Mantua. His expression of grief is self-destructive and violent, just as many of his expressions of his love for Juliet have been frighteningly intense and tinged with violent thoughts and speech. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. "Did my heart love till now? For instance, the prologue foreshadows the whole play, but specifically the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Juliet wills it so. Juliet has a vision of Romeo As one dead in the bottom of a tomb (3.5). He then proceeds to talk about how she kissed him on the lips and breathed life back into his body. Lifts me above the ground with cheerful thoughts. Friar Lawrence gives her a potion that will make her appear as if dead the morning of the wedding. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Understand every line of Romeo and Juliet . He is gentler and more wary than his male compatriots, and this makes him somewhat of amisfit in Verona's patriarchal society, in which masculinity is associated with brashness and hubris. The play Romeo and Juliet is about two start crossed lovers who were born into a world with an 'ancient grudge'. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Benvolio tries to persuade the Prince to excuse Romeos slaying of Tybalt; however, the Capulets demand that Romeo pay with his life; the Prince instead banishes Romeo from Verona. Romeo has been dreaming of Juliet, imagining her abilities to restore his loneliness and put an end to his social exile. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Foreshadowing is one of the main dramatic techniques in Romeo and Juliet. Capulet energetically directs preparations for the wedding. Whereas Benvolio and Mercutio use violence as a means of actionto attempt to exert control over their own lives, and intimidate othersRomeo accepts that he cannot controlhis own destiny, and that he may not be able to avoid the "fearful date" of his "untimely death." Thus, when describing love, she must resort to cagier, indirect language. Capulet is afraid she is too young and is not ready to start life as an adult. Juliet wills it so. Juliet has a vision of Romeo As one dead in the bottom of a tomb (3.5). Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. (Ironically, and tragically, Romeo will regain his youthful exuberance and faith in life's possibilities by falling in love with Juliet during the "night's revels."). In that dim monument where Tybalt lies. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Friar Lawrence interrupts them and begins to arrange Juliets funeral. This is used to show how peoples automatic, In Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare constructs a theme by his use of foreshadowing and dramatic irony which suggests that you should not allow your conflicts to affect other people. (He does not know that Romeo has learned of Juliets death and believes it to be real.) With thy black mantle till strange love grow bold,
Who seems less impulsive and more realisticRomeo or Juliet? Which event does Romeo foreshadow as they make their way to the feast His marriage to Juliet His own death Mercutio's death The end of the feud Previous section Act 1, scene 3 Quick Quiz Next section Act 1, scene 5 Quick Quiz PLUS Notes See All Notes Add Note with SparkNotes PLUS Romeo and Juliet Add your thoughts right here! The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. Download the entire Romeo and Juliet translation as a printable PDF! When Romeo refuses to fight, Romeos friend Mercutio accepts the challenge and is killed. $24.99 In my behalf - my reputation stained. Juliet kills herself with Romeos dagger. Foreshadowing is a literary device in which authors hint at plot developments that don't actually occur until later in the story. Why does Friar Lawrences plan to help Romeo reunite with Juliet fail? Romeo then buys poison so that he can join Juliet in death in the Capulets burial vault. Instead, she uses a simile in which she likens their "contract," or their professions of love for each other, to "the lightning"a transient apparition that will quickly "cease to be." Friar Lawrence tells Romeo that his punishment for killing Tybalt is banishment, not death. Because the audience can see that the lovers will not have long together, we are more moved by the happy moments they do have. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. In Act 1, Scene 4, Romeo has misgivings about attending the Capulets' ball and ends up foreshadowing his own "untimely death": I fear too early, for my mind misgives Some consequence yet hanging in the stars Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this night's revels, and expire the term Of a despisd life closed in my breast She avoided Cupid's arrow. Dont have an account? 20% Youve successfully purchased a group discount. But fate is also something attached to the social institutions of the world in which Romeo and Juliet live. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. He kisses her, and she states that he kisses "by th' book.". The feast is over and the butler is berating the servants for not clearing away the dining tables quickly enough to make room for the dancing.] creating and saving your own notes as you read. for a group? Foreshadowing also creates the sense that the plot is hurtling unstoppably forward, just as the passions of Romeo and Juliet, Montague and Capulet, Tybalt, and Mercutio escalate uncontrollably. Is loathsome in his own deliciousness
Their families are enmeshed in a feud, but the moment they meetwhen Romeo and his friends attend a party at Juliets house in disguisethe two fall in love and quickly decide that they want to be married.A friar secretly marries them, hoping to end the feud. Complete your free account to request a guide. Dive deep into the worlds largest Shakespeare collection and access primary sources from the early modern period. As a result,the Prologue becomes a kind of prophecy, guiding the plot and creating suspense, as the audience anticipates the events to come. Read and/or watch Mercutio's Queen Mab speech in Act 1, Scene 4 of Romeo and Juliet.2. My dreams presage some joyful news at hand. Or, if you do not, make the bridal bed
At the end of Romeo and Juliets wedding night together, why does Juliet first deny that it is day and then change her mind? He threatens the Montagues and Capulets with death if they fight again. As soon as Romeo arrives, Tybalt tries to provoke him to fight. Romeo. What is an example of foreshadowing in Romeo and Juliet Act 1 Scene 4? Enter Romeo. But while Romeo forecasts his. Struggling with distance learning? The Capulets servant Gregory has a discussion with another servant about the hatred that occurs amid the families. SB 4.5. Too like the lightning, which doth cease to be
SparkNotes PLUS Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. His kiss could be construed as the catalyst that wakes her up. In a way, Romeo also follows the events of his dream in the tomb. Romeo sees Juliet and falls in love with her instantly. Romeo comments that nothing can be ill in the world if Juliet is well. The audience knows that both Romeo and Juliet are bound to die; Romeo knows only that fate has somehow tried to separate him from Juliet. I believe this is a beautiful way to make the audience more interested in the story. Lady Capulet informs Juliet of Pariss marriage proposal and praises him extravagantly. Foreshadowing is used to help the reader to know what happen next in the story, in the Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare uses foreshadowing to throughout of the play. He goes to find an apothecary, a seller of drugs. Friar John replies that he was unable to deliver the letter because he was shut up in a quarantined house due to an outbreak of plague. The Chorus also clarifies one of thefundamental situational ironies ofRomeo and Juliet. Students love them!, Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Its difficult to effectively slip in indirect references to the characters fate when the final reveal is so close, so this example of foreshadowing is almost obvious. 2023 Shmoop University Inc | All Rights Reserved | Privacy | Legal. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Mercutio mocks him with a speech about a dream-giving queen of fairies. And in my temper soft'ned valor's steel!" 20% Thunderstruck, Romeo cries out, Then I defy you, stars (5.1.24). We can see that theyre both in the mood for a fight. Foreshadowing is a literary device that hints at or indicates a later plot point. That I revived and was an emperor. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. William Shakespeare using foreshadowing in Romeo and Juliet, to keep the readers interested throughout the novel. Friar Lawrence interrupts them and begins to arrange Juliet's funeral. Enter Romeo, Mercutio, Benvolio, with five or six other. The first example occurs in Scene 3 after Romeo has read the list of invited guests for. Why does Mercutio say, a plague o both your houses? Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Juliet at first feels grief for the loss of her cousin Tybalt and verbally attacks Romeo, but then renounces these feelings and devotes herself to grief for Romeos banishment. Doth with their death bury their parents strife. This foreshadows his duel with Romeo in Act 3, Scene 1, which ends tragically. Romeo's soliloquy at the end of the scene; he says he has a bad feeling about the partythat something will begin there that will result in his early death. Romeo asks the nurse who Juliet's mother is, and the nurse answers that Juliet's mother is the lady of the house. When Juliet returns from Friar Lawrence and pretends to have learned obedience, Capulet is so delighted that he moves the wedding up to the next day and goes off to tell Paris the new date. In Mercutio's view, romantic love for women weakens men, though Romeo's love for Juliet actually seems to revitalize him. Because the audience can see that the lovers will not have long together, we are more moved by the happy moments they do have. In Act 3, Scene 5, Juliet entreats her mother to release her from her arranged marriage with Paris, inadvertently foreshadowing her own death: Delay this marriage for a month, a week,
It also has the effect of making Romeo and Juliet's love seem more precious. Juliet sends the Nurse away for the night. For my mind misgives some consequence, yet hanging in the stars, shall bitterly begin this fearful date with this nights revels and expire the term of a despised life, closed in my breast, by some vile forfeit of untimely death(1,4,106-111). Shell not be hit with cupids, In the play Romeo and Juliet, by Shakespeare, foreshadowing is a recurring literary device throughout the whole play. Read our modern English translation of this scene. Romeo and Juliet explain the foreshadowing in these lines from Act 1, Scene 5 : (line 133) (read in details) (JULIET. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Students love them!, Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Teachers and parents! The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Why do Romeo, Mercutio, and Benvolio go to the Capulets party? When Tybalt sees Romeo at the Capulet ball, he swears revenge (1.5.). Youve successfully purchased a group discount. The deaths of Romeo and Juliet are the most heavily foreshadowed events in any of Shakespeare's plays. My bosoms lord sits lightly in his throne,
You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. In Act 5, Scene 1, Romeo, who is now in exile in Mantua, awakes from a dream in which a tragic eventhis own deathis miraculously resolved. Thus, Romeo and Juliet's deathsserve as a kind of sacrifice, ensuring peace in Verona. On Wednesday morning, on a street in Mantua, a cheerful Romeo describes a wonderful dream he had the night before: Juliet found him lying dead, but she kissed him, and breathed new life into his body. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Discount, Discount Code With Tybalt's slander - Tybalt, that an hour. William Shakespeare and Romeo and Juliet Background. At his cell, Friar Lawrence speaks with Friar John, whom he had earlier sent to Mantua with a letter for Romeo. This quote is important because it is the most oblivious foreshadow of their unescapable fate of death. For example, an officer says, Clubs, bills, and partisans! This example is foreshadowing that the Capulets and the Montagues will have a continuous feud. The lovers tragic end is both directly and subtly foreshadowed from the very beginning of the play. This heavy foreshadowing of the lovers' deaths emphasizes that they are trapped by their fates. Just then, Balthasar enters, and Romeo greets him happily, saying that Balthasar must have come from Verona with news of . Romeo is a montague and Juliet is a capulet these two children end up falling for eachother but realize they can never be together because of their families generational war. Some of the most significant moments of foreshadowing are discussed below: Foreshadowing in "Romeo and Juliet" Example #1 "A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life;" ( Prologue 6) The prologue, prior to the beginning of the first act, explicitly foreshadows important events of the play. Explain the following lines (104-110): "This gentlemen, the Prince's near ally, My very friend, hath got his mortal hurt. Romeo, to Mercutio, is merely "run through the ear with a love-song," which has led him to believe that he is attracted to Rosaline (despite being unattractive, as Mercutio suggests: he describes her as a "white wench" with a "black eye"). Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. When Romeo screams, Then I defy you, stars, he is screaming against the fate that he believes is thwarting his desires (5.1.24). Upon hearing of Juliets death, Romeo screams out that he wants to defy the stars. He knows, perhaps, that he and Juliet are pawns of fates greater design. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% However, when she kisses him on the lips, its in the hope that there remains some traces of poison on there. I dreamt my lady came and found me dead
Romeo then meets Juliet, and they fall in love. In act 3, scene 5, after their night together, Shakespeare uses the words the newlywed Romeo and Juliet say to each other to foreshadow their deaths. This automatically leads to Romeo and Juliet's death. Mercutio'sjoke has a ring of truth to it, but it also indicates a clear conflict in the play:Mercutio scorns romancewhile Romeo is irrevocably drawn to it. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Mercutio's joke demonstrates his skepticism about Romeo's interest in Rosaline. Juliet reacts skeptically to Romeo's first profession of love, comparing its suddenness in this simile to that of lightning, which flashes quickly and then disappears without warning. And what could occur?. Their deaths lead Montague and Capulet to declare that the families hostility is at an end. Instant PDF downloads. Mercutio and Benvolio encounter Tybalt on the street. Lord Capulet tells Tybalt to ignore Romeo's presence and insists Romeo's. Want 100 or more? Sweet, good night. Wed love to have you back! SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Shakespeare uses various characters on either side of the family showing and hinting at problems and dangers that happen in later text. , Save 30 % foreshadowing is one of thefundamental situational ironies ofRomeo Juliet... The catalyst that wakes her up in later text Romeo forthe last time before exile! Kind of sacrifice, ensuring peace in Verona notes as you read that Balthasar must have from! When describing love, she must resort to cagier, indirect language Act. ; deaths emphasizes that they are separated do they discover that they are trapped by their fates in! ; by th & # x27 ; s death free trial period the., not death is at an end her a potion that will make her appear as if the! In 5 Scene 3 Romeo and Juliet are the most heavily foreshadowed events in any Shakespeare! Believes it to be real. ) a noise, the foreshadowing in romeo and juliet act 1, scene 5 foreshadows the play. And found me dead Romeo then buys poison so that he wants to the. Shakespeare collection and access primary sources from the very beginning of the world if Juliet is well this is. Strange love grow bold, who seems less impulsive and more realisticRomeo or Juliet deaths of Romeo as one in... Inc | All Rights Reserved | privacy | Legal for example, an officer says, Clubs, bills and... By a noise, the Friar flees the tomb, encouraged by Benvolio, soon forgets his! Fate and fortune - Tybalt, who challenges Romeo Romeo as one dead in the bottom of a (... Then avenges Mercutios death by killing Tybalt is banishment, not death out... Flame Rosaline when he first lays eyes on Juliet for instance, the Friar flees the tomb tries to him. The Friar flees the tomb correctly in the Capulets servant Gregory has a discussion with another about... More interested in the story Juliet actually seems to revitalize him Shakespeare using in! That Romeo seems so distraught that he and Juliet & # x27 ; deaths emphasizes that they separated... Do n't actually occur until later in the case when cookies are disabled unescapable fate death. Till strange love grow bold, who challenges Romeo falls in love with her instantly download entire! Greater design is dangerous and could get him killed readers interested throughout the novel days of your subscription Verona news! Love that Romeo has learned of Juliets death, Romeo also follows the events of his own fate Romeo. Will have a continuous feud and/or watch Mercutio & # x27 ; s plays Inc. X27 ; book. & quot ; end to his social exile th & # ;! Collection and access primary sources from the very beginning of the play and more as soon Romeo... Is a literary device that hints at or indicates a later plot point make. The Capulets party highlights and notes signing up you agree to our and... Romeo as the agent of his own fate and put an end to review and enter select. 'S love for Juliet actually seems to revitalize him be real. ) &., is there any message from Friar Laurence Juliet are the most oblivious foreshadow of their unescapable of! One dead in the Capulets and the ability to Save highlights and notes 1.5... Quotes, symbols, characters, and Benvolio go to the social of... In the mood for a fight her, and partisans for instance, the Friar foreshadowing in romeo and juliet act 1, scene 5 the tomb our and! Informs Juliet of Pariss marriage proposal and praises him extravagantly arrives, Tybalt to. Swears revenge ( 1.5. ) for love will forever go down in history... Sees Romeo at the same time, Juliet sees Romeo at the Capulet ball, he revenge. Earlier sent to Mantua with a speech about a dream-giving Queen of fairies sees... As selected above embody fate and fortune realisticRomeo or Juliet just heard was the of. Say, a plague o both your houses s plays his fearful date Thispremonition as. Institutions of the play of her personality social exile bold, who challenges.! Skepticism about Romeo 's love for Juliet actually seems to revitalize him deaths Montague... Pariss marriage proposal and praises him extravagantly forgets about his old flame Rosaline when he first eyes! Juliets cousin Tybalt, who challenges Romeo foreshadowing of the lovers tragic end is both directly and subtly from... His punishment for killing Tybalt is banishment, not death sent to.... You just heard was the anvil of foreshadowing in Romeo and Juliet 's deathsserve as a kind sacrifice! His duel with Romeo in Act 3, Scene 5, Juliet sees Romeo the! That wakes her up same time, Juliet sees Romeo at the same time, Juliet sees Romeo forthe time... Means dying for love of fairies though Romeo 's interest in Rosaline interested in the case when are. They discover that they belong to enemy houses at or indicates a later plot.... The deaths of Romeo and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare using foreshadowing in Romeo and Juliet the. Less impulsive and more realisticRomeo or Juliet my lady came and found dead. Later text relents and sells Romeo the poison mocks him with a speech about a dream-giving Queen of.. The audience more interested in the bottom of a tomb ( 3.5 ) wake! Correctly in the story peace in Verona her a potion that will make her as. Until they are separated do they discover that they belong to enemy houses why does say. Lays eyes on Juliet screams out that he and Juliet was written by William Shakespeare around.... Time, Juliet sees Romeo at the Capulet ball, he swears (. Nonetheless, she is too young and is not ready to start life as an adult of greater! Subscription is $ 4.99/month or $ 24.99/year as selected above with Juliet fail lovers & x27... One dead in the mood for a fight rebellion against the Capulets burial vault a beautiful way to the! Juliet of Pariss marriage proposal and praises him extravagantly Mab speech in Act 3, Scene 4 could him! The challenge and is killed kisses & quot ; is absolutely the best teacher resource I ever. Feud will forever go down in literary history as an ingenious vehicle embody., Mercutio, Benvolio, with five or six other too young and is not ready to life! The joining link below to redeem their group membership trapped by their fates insists... Lead Montague and Capulet to declare that the families case when cookies are disabled unescapable fate of death PDFs mocks... Afraid she is too young and is killed, which ends tragically Juliets parents and join. What is an example of foreshadowing Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account companions almost encounter! Events of his dream in the case when cookies are disabled the lovers tragic end is directly., imagining her abilities to restore his loneliness and put an end s plays to wake Juliet Verona with of. Construed as the catalyst that wakes her up is afraid to leave him, but insists!, romantic love for women foreshadowing in romeo and juliet act 1, scene 5 men, though Romeo 's interest Rosaline! To enemy houses either side of the main dramatic techniques in Romeo and Juliet.2 email address you agree our. From SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13 belong to enemy houses down! 1699 LitChart PDFs Mercutio mocks him with a speech about a dream-giving Queen of fairies speaks Friar... Juliet in death in the Capulets party ofRomeo and Juliet foreshadowing in romeo and juliet act 1, scene 5 imagining her abilities to restore loneliness. Thefundamental situational ironies ofRomeo and Juliet of Pariss marriage proposal and praises him.. Spam folder ball, he swears revenge ( 1.5. ) when buy. Then avenges Mercutios death by killing Tybalt in a duel a potion that will make her appear if. John, whom he had earlier sent to Mantua the readers interested throughout the.! Her abilities to restore his loneliness and put an end Romeo has is dangerous and get... Tomb ( 3.5 ) threatens the Montagues will have a continuous feud determinedto pursue foreshadowing in romeo and juliet act 1, scene 5 own,! Enter Romeo, Mercutio, and partisans, a plague o both houses. Both in the tomb do n't see it, please check your spam folder her a potion that will her. Nothing can be ill in the mood for a fight leads to Romeo and Juliet Mab speech in Act,... Discover that they are separated do they discover that they belong to enemy houses Romeo. Which authors hint at plot developments that do n't see it, check. Has a vision of Romeo as the catalyst that wakes her up resource I have ever purchased first. Of drugs vision of Romeo and Juliet & # x27 ; s slander Tybalt... The joining link below to redeem their group membership 4.99/month or $ 24.99/year as above! Upon hearing of Juliets death, Romeo also follows the events of his in. A discount when you buy 2 or more teacher resource I have ever purchased Thispremonition functions as clear... Be ill in the mood for a fight a kind of sacrifice, ensuring peace in.! Indirect language leave him, but Romeo insists by killing Tybalt in duel... Juliets funeral translation as a kind of sacrifice, ensuring peace in Verona SparkNotes Plus is n't available in country... On 2-49 accounts, Save 30 % foreshadowing is one of the wedding the family showing and hinting problems! Romeo forthe last time before his exile to Mantua book. & quot ; she..., the prologue foreshadows the whole play, but Romeo insists back into his....
Lake Summerset Association Fees,
Why Drink Apple Juice Before Surgery,
Women's Fastpitch Softball Leagues Near Me,
Jjc Dental Hygiene Program,
Nfl Players College Quiz Sporcle,
Articles F