effects of bihar earthquake 1934

Examines details of Gorkha earthquake, including geo-seismicity, damage statistics, casualties, effect on cultural heritage, gender-risk mechanics, case studies of social institutions,. [15][16] He operated several relief camps providing the affected people with food and shelter.[17]. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. . You can also search for this author in The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. Geophys. Soc. Bilham, R. (2019). Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. 13-National Earthquake Safety Day, 2011, Nepal. Earthquake Forecasting and Hazard Analysis, This earthquake incident has left very bad impression on the people of Bihar state as per, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Nature (Nature) The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K Impact Summary; In contrast to Indian region, damage in Nepal was clearly due to ground shaking; and as per the reports, it was comparable or even higher than in northern India. Everest. Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. The Earthquake had hit chiefly the wealthy and middle classes in the urban areas. A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. In our field survey, 46 % of buildings were totally collapsed and 16 % were partially collapsed. Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. Publ. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Soc. Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". Thank you for visiting nature.com. M8.7 Assam earthquake, 1905 M8.6 Kangra earthquake, 1934 M8.4 Bihar-Nepal earthquake and the 1950 M8.6 Assam-Tibet earthquake. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. For this reason the earthquake appears on many maps in the the wrong location (almost 200 km too far south).The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the epicenter, which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal in not being recognized. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. Journalof EarthSystem Science 117, 773782. Earthquakes of the Indian Subcontinent pp 159171Cite as, Part of the GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences book series (GEPS). This earthquake of 1834 and an earlier one in 1833 of similar size and in almost the same epicenter have released some of the strain caused by the ongoing collision of the Indian and the Eurasian plates. Though many of their lower marks have survived, no systematic remeasurement was possible after the earthquake, and none has been attempted subsequently. 1442-1444. (2016). News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). 79 1237-1250. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. Sapkota, S.; Tapponnier, P.; Bollinger, L.; Klinger, Y.; Gaudemer, Y.; Tiwari, D. R.; Siwakoti, I.; Rizza, M.Surface Rupture of the Mw 8.1, 1934, Bihar Nepal Earthquake AGU abstract 2011. Everest. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. (1984). Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. Geophys. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). The High Court and the Government House were damaged severely. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? Nepal-Bihar 1934. to Chitawan. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. Site Response of the Ganges Basin inferred from re-evaluated Macroseismic Observations from the M8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934 Nepal M8.1 earthquakes. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. Surv. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. Floods If the earthquake happens in areas of dams, reservoirs, the damage is multiplied. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. The next crops in the affected areas were not bad. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. London:Special Publications. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. 1. During this 1934 event, intensity X (maximum on the Mercalli scale) shaking from Motihari through Sitamarhi to Madhubani in Bihar caused extensive liquefaction in 128-km long and 30-km wide area (slump belt) which led to the collapse of most of the buildings in these regions. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. The results indicated that there had been no marked increase either in the transfer of land or in borrowing money accepting among the improvident aboriginals of Monghyr and Bhagalpur districts. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). Overcoming the odds How Babur Arafat brought Pride to India. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. Duvall, M., Waldron, J. W. F., Godin, L., & Najman, Y. Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. Areas of dams, reservoirs, the damage is multiplied P 1977 Seismic moments of major and... Replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime that rupture, one! A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu ( Bull the main frontal thrust singh, D.... 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