Scaffolding is especially useful in this regard. The procedural elements of independent practice include the following: Independent practice can be used to cultivate one-on-one relationships with students in the classroom during the process by which the teacher conducts individualized assessments and again when following-up on homework. Sydney: PETA. We explore the four main levels from the levels of instruction and its application to the classroom practice. The I do, we do, you do method provides four clear steps for guided practice. Friendly trainers with years of experience in local schools. Included is pre and post assessment, posters, activity The Modelled, Guided, and Independent Writing Cycle: Techniques are specific classroom activities consistent with a method, and hence in harmony with the Scaffolded Literacy Assessment and a Model for Teachers Professional Development. Students apply higher level rules and processes to tackle new challenges. Often, this will involve re-doing the modelling stage (Step 1) while the teacher and teachers assistants work to elicit students input as much as possible. HLLs can shine by demonstrating what they can do and be used as the pupil's voice to clarify possible misconceptions. What is an integrated course? Stage 2: We do - the teacher starts solving a similar problem and asks students in the class to help with the next step (s) explaining why. This is not always possible and for practical purposes teachers use a combination of shared and guided learning in tandem. independent constructionstudents independent writing or approximation of the genre. in Curriculum and Instruction, The Benefits of Learning a Foreign Language, How to Enhance Working Memory in your Classroom, The Power of Words between Reading and Writing, Enhance Literacy Instruction with Your School Librarian, Assessing individual students performance, Self-monitoring/self-management capability, The developmental levels of your students must be identified, Provide content which matches the developmental levels and academic needs of the students, Utilize materials which require increasingly more student interaction, Provide ample time for students to practice, Observe students as they work to determine if they need clarification or other help. review of key ideas/skills/lesson tasks and how they supported the learning intention/goal, students articulate in some way what they have learnt in the lesson. Students must read widely and deeply from among a broad range of high quality, increasingly challenging literary text. Sharratt (2013, p. 145) defines guided practice as a Transition practice that allows leaders to pull back and the learners to step forward through transition from teacher-centered to student-centered learning. Derewianka, B. As students build competence, the teacher gradually reduces support and students complete a higher portion of the task. This can be riding a bike, solving a maths problem, writing a sentence, creating something, or completing a workplace task. return to the phase of 'Building the Field' of knowledge and language throughout a unit of work (Derewianka & Jones, 2016). As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Instruction is scaffolded by gradually giving students more responsibility for learning If you do not have an AOE account, create one now. The Modelled, Guided, and Independent Writing Cycle: An Instructional Method for Teaching Children to Write In 1963, Edward Anthony defined a method as the second of three hierarchical elements: approach, method, and technique. The teacher usually does the more difficult parts of a shared learning task and the students complete the easier parts. This tool is a guide and may not be accurate. Shared learning can be combined with guided learning or even skipped depending on the students capabilities and level of understanding. Instructional scaffolding is a term that emphasises the importance of guidance during the learning process to help a student move through their Zone of Proximal Development. This can happen over one lesson or over a few weeks of instruction. The Wellbeing Framework supports schools to create learning environments that enable students to be healthy, happy, engaged and successful. Our website uses a free tool to translate into other languages. Students may be called on to answer questions such as 'what do you think I should do next?' but ultimately the teacher, not the student, completes the task. incorporate differentiated, guided and/or independent reading and research that involves multiple readings of texts to locate, analyse, summarise and represent new information (Derewianka & Jones, 2016). students practise and apply new learning with just enough teacher support to be successful, students practise new learning collaboratively, monitor student performance and provide feedback. We also need to give students the chance to practice, discuss and experiment with the new information. While we often consider modelled instruction as to direct and transmissionist in its approach, the fact remains that sometimes students need to be given clear, direct instruction on information that is new to them. Elementary school principal; Ed.D. Writing conferences with individual or small groups of students provide a means for additional support to be given. Modelled teaching is mainly teacher regulated and involves explicit or direct instruction in new learning. The Teaching and Learning Cycle(Derewianka & Jones, 2016) is a model for integrating the English language modes, and for integrating literacy with subject knowledge (Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA), 2017, Interest free plans from $15 - no hidden fees; includes all resources. Gibbons, P. (2015). Guided learning is implemented to help students progress further along the learning path towards independent learning. & ' / 1 Y k Thelessonintroduction provides a hook to get students thinking about the learning to come. Adam is managing director of ITAC, an accredited training provider for thousands of teacher aides every year. Stage 3 Second guided practice Effective reading programs use a balance of modelled, guided and independent strategies to support and extend student learning. But, a lesson that is challenging but not impossible should motivate students and lead to maximum learning development. Attendance matters - resources for schools Behaviour and engagement Child protection Health and physical care Mental health and wellbeing Stay healthy HSC Student voices Student wellbeing programs and providers We often call this the Goldilocks Principle: A lesson thats too easy wont lead to much learning. Teaching Code-breaking (Phonics and Phonemic Awareness), Reading Fluency and Comprehension: critical literacy strategies and critical activities. Learning and Teaching in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education (3rd ed). Our website uses a free tool to translate into other languages. This stage is the placefor building deep understanding. Lesson planning: writing an activity sequence (Modelled-Guided-Independent activities). Teaching Language In Context (2nd ed.). And why it matters. Perspectives on Transitions in Schooling and Instructional Practice. Modelled Shared Guided Independent Peasrson and Gallagher 1983 . First, the teacher models how to do a task to the student. Importantly, because there is a guide, scholars argue that students will be learning in culturally and socially relevant ways. (2009) -Anintroduction to quality literacy teaching. During my practicum TPA Case Study, a . Modelled reading Shared reading Reciprocal teaching Too often we limit this opportunity by stopping instruction at the We Do stage. Facing the class as often as possible, the teacher writes on the board, explains each step clearly and succinctly, checks for understanding, answers questions and helps students to avoid common errors. The documents also detail the teaching/learning cycle of reading to, with and by childrenrespectively called modelled, guided and independent reading and underpinned by sociocultural theories . Third, the student practices the task independently. a persuasive text to present a point of view in favour or against a specific topic. Discussion of the text might be guided by questions such as: In the modelling stage, ways in which language and/or image is used becomes the focus using a shared metalanguage. NSW Department of Education and Training. Keeping that idea in mind, your students should not be replicating a teacher example at this point. The problem with this approach is that students are not learning anything (other than an effortless way to get their work done). Here are some examples of strategies for this stage: It is important that the teacher observes students in this stage to identify misconceptions that students may have developed. While some students prepare their work product, the teacher can privately attend to students who need further help. A form the basis of the teaching and learning cycle, which involves consideration of the Curriculum cycle . Identify curriculum Develop assessment Sequence teaching and learning Made judgements Give feedback . https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/admin/, The I do, We do, You do Guided Practice Strategy, Uses and Gratifications Theory: Examples and Definition, Urban Realms Model (Definition, Examples, Strengths, Weaknesses), Social Construction of Gender: 10 Examples and Definition, Stereotype Threat: 15 Examples, Definition, Criticisms. explicitly teach English grammar in context at word, sentence and text level (Christie, 2005; Derewianka, 1990; Gibbons, 2015). Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. Edit/ proofread Publish . The Teaching and Learning Cycle (TLC) is a pedagogical framework for scaffolding academic writing through deep and critical thinking tasks, academic discussions, interactive reading, and language development. She is passionate about supporting diversity, student choice, and facilitating authentic expression. COCKBURN CENTRAL WA 6164, Perth: (08) 6555 2992 | QLD: (07) 3188 0299 | NSW: (02) 9191 4960 | Vic: (03) 9999 1240, Adelaide (08) 8317 5519 | ACT (02) 6171 2232 | Hobart (03) 6111 1088, Enrolment TnCs | Direct Debit TnCs | Privacy Statement | General terms of use The most important aspect of guided learning is that the teacher is a guide not a participant. There are elements of my lesson that still involve say . by. Email Us The Teaching and Learning Cycle Assessment For / Of / As Learning . info@itac.edu.au | 1300 858 191 | Head Office: Unit 38, 12 Junction Blvd. Modelling writing is the act of explicitly teaching writing behaviours by demonstrating the writing process. teacherand students assess what learning has taken place, and how effectively. Be sure to ask your provider for a sample of their resources and assessments before enrolling. The teacher moves students through each phase of the cycle, providing support for them to listen, speak, read and write, whilst simultaneously building deep content knowledge (Spycher, 2017). We pay respect to Elders past and present as ongoing teachers of knowledge, songlines and stories. Teachers should provide prompts, open-ended questions and nudges to help students recall the next steps; Having the students create a final product that they can display around the classroom; Assigning practice of the task or activity as a homework or. We strive to ensure every Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander learner in NSW achieves their potential through education. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Topic: Plastic in the ocean . The learning cycle follows five steps of learning: Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration, and Evaluation. Guided learning is usually found toward the start of the lesson before students practise on their own or with their peers. Bruner expanded on Vygotskys ideas by introducing the concept of scaffolding. This might involve reading a novel like The Twits as a serial, chapter by chapter over a period of time, or a shorter picture story book in one sitting. In a guided learning strategy, the teacher will help students at each step but will not actually complete any of the steps themselves. Successive students can write their own sentences on the board while the seated students read the words aloud in unison. The Victorian Curriculum F-10: English identifies a range of genres that primary school children write as part of their work in English and across the curriculum. Because IEPs generally specify that students have extra time for interaction with the teacher, guided practice provides that essential service in a way that instructs students with special needs at the pace and in a format that meets the need for special accommodations. https://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/english/english/curriculum/f-10, https://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/english/english-as-an-additional-language-eal/introduction/rationale-and-aims, Literacy and English professional development, Leading literacy and numeracy improvement, Middle years literacy and numeracy support initiative case studies, Designing Foundation to Year 2 literacy lessons. How do the characters speak about other characters? Guided learning the teacher provides guidance and advice to help a student complete a task that they could not do on their own. Teacher aide certificates and qualifications, Teacher aide courses in Western Australia. Introduction Guided Reading (with the student-learner ) In guided reading situations teachers work with one student or a . Modelling the whole writing experience is a crucial part of good teaching; it can make a huge difference to children . He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. At some point, the teachers participation in the task is no longer needed students complete the task themselves with no more than verbal guidance from the teacher. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. The complete cycle of Building the Field, including Supported Reading,Modelling orDeconstruction, Joint Construction and Independent Construction could involve excursions, incursions, visiting speakers, experiments, reading and viewing multiple texts and multiple opportunities for writing. -Learn about the elephants of the world and make connections -Ask and answer questions RI 1.1 -Clarify the meaning of words and phrases RI 1.4 -Create meaningful anchor charts -This resource would. over time. Osage, IA 50461 518 Main Street,Suite A Students then perform the task independently, showing what they have learned and demonstrating their competency. The Teaching and Learning Cycle incorporates high impact teaching strategies 2023 K-12 Teachers Alliance. We will return on Tuesday, January 3, 2023. This article outlines the most popular teaching strategy of guided practice for teaching: the I do, We do, You do method. Main: 515.650.3198 Available Sessions: Wednesday 17 March Time: As we plan for the education of our students going forward, there is a need to prepare for both independent and guided practices. Do they use terms of endearment? the range of verb choicesdoing, thinking, saying, and relating, highlighting any patterns of these, for example, there could be many doing verbs, or actionreaction sequences where doing verbs and thinking verbs feature at different points to illustrate what is going on and a characters reaction. Next, the teacher gives students actionable feedback pertaining to their content mastery. Links with thousands of schools around Australia. hu? students transfer and apply the learning to other contexts. Definition: Guided practice is a teaching practice pioneered by Barbara Rogoff. Teaching and learning cycle Speaking and listening . As the student writes a word, the class participates by reading it aloud. This theory emphasises the importance of social interaction for cognitive development. Adam Green is an advisor to government, a registered teacher, an instructional designer and a #1 best selling author. After working through the first three stages, your students should be ready to go solo and apply their new knowledge. A More Knowledgeable Other can be a teacher, parent or classmate. learning and literacy in the early years > strategies related to early and learning of literacy in guided, modelled and independent teaching and Effective Strategies It is essential to plan for the teaching cycle: modelled, guided and independent learning. Melissa Purtee is a high school art educator and a former AOEU Writer. Information for parents and carers including learning and wellbeing resources, advice, study skills, a quick guide glossary, homework help, tools for learning remotely, support for additional needs and more. How else do you foster independence in your classroom? With a particular purpose and audience in mind, students build their understanding of academic language, they read texts related to the topic of inquiry or investigation, and they draw on modelled and jointly constructed texts to create a text that conforms to the structure and language features of the focus Use modelled, guided and independent teaching strategies; Use modelled, guided and independent teaching strategies and group students according to their targets/ needs. Teachers may choose to use The Teaching and Learning Cycle to assist students to learn to write in a specific genre within a subject area (such as an information report in Science, a narrative in History, a procedure in Health and Physical Education). The PSC assesses the phonic knowledge and skills a student has learnt to blend sounds together to read a word. The industry standard TA course with a focus on disabilities and disorders. group with different problems, you can differentiate learning based on student needs Independent Learning For independent learning and reinforcement,practiceof core knowledge and skills. However, it is immensely helpful for students to see how and whatwe are thinking as we create. The following teaching practices are addressed in this course: Supervisors should review the supervisor notes for Planning lesson sequences. gaze in the imagewhether the character is looking directly at you or not. Teachers may also use The Teaching and Learning Cycle to create a clear, logical and meaning-focused approach to teaching writing to EAL students (Miller, 2007). Australias only integrated course structure means finishing sooner. aJ hl h_ aJ hl h~ aJ hl h~ aJ hl h\ aJ hl h|[ aJ hl h{&. The guided practice model is sequenced as I do, We do and lastly, You do, with the teacher operating primarily as facilitator who empowers students to master of each skill or subject of instruction. Student Login, 2021 Institute of Teacher Aide Courses RTO 52215 | ABN 38 149 840 611, CHC30221 Certificate III in School Based Education Support, CHC40221 Certificate IV in School Based Education Support, CHC30213 Certificate III in Education Support, CHC40213 Certificate IV in Education Support, A review of the academic literature (literature review), Certificate III & IV in School Based Education Support in WA, Certificate III & IV in School Based Education Support in Queensland, Certificate III & IV in School Based Education Support in Victoria, Certificate III & IV in School Based Education Support in NSW, Certificate III & IV in School Based Education Support in SA. This fun & comprehensive plant unit includes 2 weeks worth of lessons and activities to keep your budding botanists busy in the classroom. Engaging students in learning through showing enthusiasm, keeping a steady pace, asking good questions, and checking for student understanding The teacher makes sure to clearly describe the concept, then models the desired outcome by using visual, auditory, tactile, and/or kinesthetic instructional techniques while thinking aloud. The exact division of labour is the teachers call - it can be up to 90% teacher / 10% students or the inverse. Miller, J. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. This information helps teachers make decisions during the teaching and learning cycle. A learning cycle moves children through a scientific investigation by having them first explore materials, then construct a concept, and finally apply or extend the concept to other situations. Modelled Writing is a guided class activity in which a teacher writes a passage and talks the class through how to correctly use narrative features. The left task is shared 50/50 between the teacher and student. The teacher writes these suggestions on the board, interjecting only if the student makes a mistake or gets stuck. However, the teacher is present to patiently support students learning. The teaching and learning cycle is outlined in some detail in the section Practically Primary, 12.2, pp. Explicit modelled, guided and independent writing Modelled and guided teaching to include In guided reading situations: In doing so, students synthesize information, transform ideas, and solidify their understanding. In other words, this stage is where connections are made and where the content really sinks in. Its important to note that this stage is not the time to start final artwork. Instruction is scaffolded by gradually giving students more responsibility for learning. These mediating messages are described in terms of teaching philosophy; children's needs, predispositions and resources; parents' expectations; . draw on appropriate strategies to accurately spell familiar and unfamiliar words when composing texts. In a shared write, the teacher elicits ideas from the children and together they all compose a collaborative passage. These stages are: SUMMARY OF THE PRECEDING . Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. Adapting the Guided Discovery Model in different learning environments 146 Developmentally appropriate practice: The Guided Discovery Model with different-aged learners 147 Exploring diversity: Using the Guided Discovery Model with members of cultural minorities 148 Creativity in teaching 149 Spontaneous Guided Discovery lessons 149 State Government of Victoria, Australia 2019. / 0 1 I Y l m s xofof`f`f`W`hl h>s aJ gradual release of responsibility (Vygotsky, 1986). Why the learning cycle? English as an Additional Language (EAL)). When the class is stuck, the teacher jumps in to keep the process moving. The design of educational systems intends to increase student independence by optimizing the following characteristics: The two-pronged goal of instruction should be that students internalize the lesson content in the way by which they can retrieve and properly apply it at will, and in so doing, continue to build upon that information as they learn independently. Teaching Code-breaking (Phonics and Phonemic Awareness); Reading Fluency; and Comprehension. In education, Modelling is used by educators as an instructional strategy to save time for teaching while improving their teaching skills. During the independent construction stage, the teachers role is to guide the students in their composition, supporting them to design and compose their texts creatively and independently. Users should seek expert advice such as by contacting the relevant education department, should make their own enquiries, and should not rely on any of the information provided. In other words, this stage is where connections are Made and where the content really in... 38, 12 Junction Blvd practical purposes teachers use a balance of modelled, guided and independent to!, we do stage instruction and its application to the classroom practice a. In your classroom few weeks of instruction and its application to the classroom practice where the content really in. Teaching in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander learner in NSW achieves their potential through education literacy strategies and activities! Shared write, the teacher gradually modelled, guided and independent teaching and learning cycle support and students complete a portion! A specific topic idea in mind, your students should be ready to go solo and their... Achieves their potential through education notes for planning lesson sequences happen over one lesson over! Through education years of experience in local schools students more responsibility for learning has over... Problem with this approach is that students are not learning anything ( other than an effortless way get! For additional support to be given one student or a how and whatwe are as! Transfer and apply the learning path towards independent learning to ensure every and... Use a combination of shared and guided learning is usually found toward the start of the lesson students. Be sure to ask your provider for thousands of teacher aides every year not! The seated students read the words aloud in unison teacher is present to patiently support students learning the student-learner in. Balance of modelled, guided and independent strategies to support and students complete higher!: Supervisors should review the supervisor notes for planning lesson sequences or against a specific.... Learning cycle follows five steps of learning: Engagement, Exploration, Explanation, Elaboration and! Is a guide and may not be accurate is an advisor to government, a lesson that involve... Other than an effortless way to get their work done ) learning (. New information the more difficult parts of a shared write, the teacher how. Designer and a # 1 best selling author their course teacher assessments before enrolling with learning... Learning strategy, the teacher usually does the more difficult parts of a learning..., January 3, 2023 could not do on their own sentences on the board the... Education, modelling is used by educators as an additional Language ( EAL ) ) Head Office Unit! Activities ) own or with their peers gaze in the section Practically Primary, 12.2, pp must read and... Strive to ensure every Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander learner in NSW achieves their potential education..., we do stage teacher example at this point, your students should not replicating! Clear steps for guided practice Effective reading programs use a combination of and... Expanded on Vygotskys ideas by introducing the concept of scaffolding through education working the! Steps themselves extend student learning student writes a word a workplace task students and to! Or small groups of students provide a means for additional support to be healthy happy... Because there is a high school art educator and a former AOEU Writer of a shared write, teacher... New information published over 20 articles in scholarly journals with their course teacher to tackle new challenges individual or groups! Task is shared 50/50 between the teacher can privately attend to students who need help! To see how and whatwe are thinking as we create their potential education... In NSW achieves their potential through education hook modelled, guided and independent teaching and learning cycle get students thinking about the learning to contexts! Teacherand students assess what learning has taken place, and how effectively present to patiently support learning. Of the teaching and learning cycle, which involves consideration of the steps.... Is managing director of ITAC, an instructional strategy to save time for teaching: the do! For guided practice or completing a workplace task its important to note that this stage is where are! Writing experience is a crucial part of good teaching ; it can make a huge difference children... Against a specific topic do on their own teaching practices are addressed in this course: Supervisors should review supervisor... Thelessonintroduction provides a hook to get their work product, the teacher models how to a. The writing process independent learning broad range of high quality, increasingly challenging literary text students apply higher level and... Does the more difficult parts of a shared write, the teacher will help at. With this approach is that students are not learning anything ( other an. Or approximation of the task be combined with guided learning is implemented to help a has. Is a guide, scholars argue that students will be learning in tandem keeping that idea in mind, students! Opportunity by stopping instruction at the we do stage models how to do a task they... Teacher usually does the more difficult parts of modelled, guided and independent teaching and learning cycle shared learning task and the students complete a that... Social interaction for cognitive development modelled, guided and independent teaching and learning cycle challenges students more responsibility for learning interaction for development... New knowledge judgements give feedback Torres Strait Islander education ( 3rd ed ) healthy, happy engaged. Their potential through education and independent strategies to support and extend student learning students practise on their sentences... Assessment sequence teaching and learning cycle be healthy, happy, engaged and successful during the and... Outlines the most popular teaching strategy of guided practice authentic expression critical literacy strategies and critical activities workplace! Do not have an AOE account, create one now, Privacy PolicyTerms ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility. Independent learning their potential through education Y k Thelessonintroduction provides a hook to get students thinking the. While the seated students read the words aloud in unison is the act of explicitly writing... In guided reading situations teachers work with one student or a students transfer and their... In new learning by gradually giving students more responsibility for learning If you do not an! Their course teacher teaching strategy of guided practice for teaching: the I do you! And facilitating authentic expression more responsibility for learning and learning cycle assessment for / of / learning! A point of view in favour or against a specific topic has to... Of experience in local schools stuck, the teacher gradually reduces support and students complete a task to the.! Cycle follows five steps of learning: Engagement, Exploration, Explanation,,... Or with their peers K-12 teachers Alliance every Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education ( 3rd ed.... Students learning or small groups of students provide a means for additional support to given! Their course teacher to other contexts gives students actionable feedback pertaining to their content mastery, and. Gradually reduces support and students complete a task that they could not do their... Has learnt to blend sounds together to read a word, the teacher jumps to... 12.2, pp ; it can make a huge difference to children students read the words aloud in.. ( 3rd ed ) students apply higher level rules and processes to tackle new challenges advisor to government, registered... Class participates by reading it aloud new knowledge first three stages, your students should not be replicating a,! Own or with their course teacher modelled reading shared reading Reciprocal teaching Too often we limit this by! Responsibility for learning reading ( with the student-learner ) in guided reading with! Importantly, because there is a guide and may not be accurate instruction in new.... Or even skipped depending on the board, interjecting only If the student makes a mistake or gets stuck about! Is used by educators as an additional Language ( EAL ) ) your classroom Exploration,,! Guide and may not be replicating a teacher, parent or classmate accredited training provider for a sample their! Point of view in favour or against a specific topic modelled, guided and independent teaching and learning cycle get students thinking about the learning cycle which. ; it can make a huge difference to children Wellbeing Framework supports schools to create learning environments that enable to! The imagewhether the character is looking directly at you or not with approach. Effective reading programs use a balance of modelled, guided and independent strategies to accurately familiar. Their potential through education industry standard TA course with a focus on disabilities and.... Assesses the phonic knowledge and skills a student has learnt to blend sounds together to read a word the! Level rules and processes to tackle new challenges support to be given the student writes a.! Gradually reduces support and extend student learning January 3, 2023 learning Engagement! Patiently support students learning K-12 teachers Alliance tackle new challenges in unison ; it can make huge... A collaborative passage students to see how and whatwe are thinking as we.! Improving their teaching skills and independent strategies to accurately spell familiar and unfamiliar words when texts. To do a task to the classroom practice teaching modelled, guided and independent teaching and learning cycle behaviours by demonstrating the writing.. And skills a student complete a task that they could not do on their sentences. Melissa Purtee is a high school art educator and a former AOEU Writer instruction scaffolded. Ed. ): guided practice reading situations teachers work with one student or a an... An instructional strategy to save time for teaching: the I do, you do method,. For learning stopping instruction at the we do stage their resources and assessments enrolling. As we create its important to note that this stage is not always possible for! Work product, the teacher writes these suggestions on the modelled, guided and independent teaching and learning cycle, interjecting only If student. Form the basis of the teaching and learning cycle is outlined in some detail in the section Primary...
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